Manila, 1900-1941: Social Change in a Late Colonial Metropolis (Monograph Series No. 27/Yale University Southeast Asia Studies) by Daniel F. Doeppers
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This study is organized in two sections, each with two chapters. The first section describes the economic context - the relationships between the larger export economy and urban employment. Chapter 1 explores the basic functions of the city in handling the explort-import linkages between the archipelago and the world market economy, in distributing grain to food deficit provinces, and in providing national administration and professional services. The effects of reciprocal free trade with the United States on the employment structure of the city, and inparticular its effect in retarding the creation of employment in Manila and on modern manufacturing, are examined in detail. Chapter 2 traces the impact of the major cycles of the American economy on employment in Manila and on migration to the metropolitan area. The second section, chapters 3 and 4, addresses the theme of social change - education, mobility, and the pattern of careers, in the context of the changing structure and the highly cylical nature of the urban economy. Chapter 3 takes up the expansion and social differentiation of educational opportunity and the impact of the rapid creation of a Filipino civil service. It presents comparitive information on teh trajectories and rates of career mobility among white collar workers, and seeks to further identify those occupying the new middle ranks of society discovering their geographical patterns of origin. Chapter 4 contrasts the careers and wage structure of skilled and unskilled, upper and lower circuit manual workers with those of the middle class. It specifically examines the allocation of work by gender, age, and education; the pattern of worker careers in various industries and sectors, and the relationship between migration to the city and the questions of social mobility. Particular attention is given to the relative vulnerability of various manual workers coped with this eventuality. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the evolution of workers' organizations and the crystallization of class consciousness int he conflict between union and radical factory workers on the one hand and the foreign owners on the other.
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